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Passage 1：

Stars may be spheres, but not every celestial object is spherical. Objects in the universe show a variety of shapes: round planets (some with rings), tailed comets,

wispy cosmic gas and dust clouds, ringed nebulae, pinwheel-shaped spiral galaxies,

Line and so on. But none of the shapes on this list describes the largest single entities in the

(5) universe. These are the double radio sources, galaxies with huge clouds of radio emission

that dwarf the visible galaxies, sometimes by a factor of a hundred or more. Stretching

over distances greater than a million light-years, these radio-emitting regions resemble

twin turbulent gas clouds, typically forming dumbbell-like shapes with the visible

galaxy (when it is visible) in the center.

(10) These double radio sources present astronomers with a puzzle. Their radio emission

arises from the synchrotron process, in which electrons accelerated to nearly the speed

of light move through magnetic fields. However, in view of the rate at which the radio

sources emit energy, they should disappear in a few million years as their electrons slow

down and case producing radiation. Somehow new electrons must be continually

(15) accelerated to nearly the speed of light: otherwise, by now almost none of the double

radio sources would be observed.

With the advent of high-resolution radio interferometers during the late 1970's, part

of the answer became clear: the electrons are produced in jets that are shot out in

opposite directions from the center of a galaxy. Remarkably narrow and highly directional,

(20) the jets move outward at speeds close to the speed of light. When the jets strike the

highly rarefied gas that permeates intergalactic space, the fast-moving electrons lose

their highly directional motion and form vast clouds of radio-emitting gas.

Cosmic jets have ranked among the hottest topics of astronomical research in recent

years as astronomers strive to understand where they come from. Why should a galaxy

(25) eject matter at such tremendous speeds in two narrow jets? And why are such jets not

seen in the Milky Way?

1. The word "celestial" in line 1 could best be

replaced by

(A) visible

(B) astronomical

(C) glowing

(D) scientific

2. The word "entities" in line 4 is closest in

meaning to

(A) factors (B) processes

(C) objects (D) puzzles

3. In the first paragraph, the author describes

objects in the universe in terms of their

(A) color (B) origin

(C) location (D) shape

4. Which of the following is the best

representation of the clouds of radio emission

described in the first paragraph?

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

5. According to the passage, scientists do not

fully understand why double radio sources

(A) have not eventually disappeared

(B) cannot be observed with a telescope

(C) are beginning to slow down

(D) are not as big as some planets and stars

6. The word "their" in line 22 refers to

(A) speeds

(B) directions

(C) electrons

(D) clouds

7. According to the passage, what happens when

electrons and gas collide in space?

(A) The gas becomes more condensed.

(B) The gas becomes less radiated.

(C) The electrons disperse.

(D) The electrons become negatively charged.

8. The author suggests that astronomers consider

the study of cosmic jets to be

(A) an obsolete scientific field

(B) an unprofitable venture

(C) an intriguing challenge

(D) a subjective debate

9. In what lines does the passage compare the

size of double radio sources with that of other

galaxies?

(A) Lines 4-6 (B) Lines 12-14

(C) Lines 19-20 (D) Lines 23-24

10. Where in the passage does the author mention

a technology that aided in the understanding of

double radio sources?

(A) Lines 2 (B) Line 7

(C) Line 17 (D) Line 21

11. The paragraph following the passage most

likely discusses

(A) specific double radio sources

(B) an explanation of the synchrotron process

(C) possible reasons for the presence of cosmic

jets

(D) the discovery of the first double radio

sources

Passage 2

Botany, the study of plants, occupies a peculiar position in the history of human knowledge.

For many thousands of years it was the one field of awareness about which humans had

anything more than the vaguest of insights. It is impossible to know today just what our Stone

Age ancestors knew about plants, but from what we can observe of preindustrial societies that

(5) still exist, a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient. This is

logical. Plants are the basis of the food pyramid for all living things, even for other plants. They

have always been enormously important to the welfare of people, not only for food, but also for

clothing, weapons, tools, dyes, medicines, shelter, and a great many other purposes. Tribes

living today in the jungles of the Amazon recognize literally hundreds of plants and know

(10) many properties of each. To them botany, as such, has no name and is probably not even

recognized as a special branch of "knowledge" at all.

Unfortunately, the more industrialized we become the farther away we move from direct

contact with plants, and the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows. Yet everyone comes

unconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge, and few people will fail to

(15) recognize a rose, an apple, or an orchid. When our Neolithic ancestors, living in the Middle

East about 10,000 years ago, discovered that certain grasses could be harvested and their seeds

planted for richer yields the next season, the first great step in a new association of plants and

humans was taken. Grains were discovered and from them flowed the marvel of agriculture:

cultivated crops. From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled

(20) production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties

that grew wild-and the accumulated knowledge of lens of thousands of years of experience

and intimacy with plants in the wild would begin to fade away.

12. Which of the following assumptions about early

humans is expressed in the passage?

(A) They probably had extensive knowledge of

plants.

(B) They divided knowledge into well-defined

fields.

(C) They did not enjoy the study of botany.

(D) They placed great importance on ownership

of property.

13. The word "peculiar" in line 1 is closest in

meaning to

(A) clear

(B) large

(C) unusual

(D) important

14. What does the comment "This is logical" in

lines 5-6 mean?

(A) There is no clear way to determine the

extent of our ancestors knowledge of plants.

(B) It is not surprising that early humans had a

detailed knowledge of plants.

(C) It is reasonable to assume that our ancestors

behave very much like people in

preindustrial societies.

(D) Human knowledge of plants is well

organized and very detailed.

15. The phrase "properties of each" in line 10 refers

to each

(A) tribe

(B) hundred

(C) plant

(D) purpose

16. According to the passage, why has general

knowledge of botany declined?

(A) People no longer value plants as a useful

resource.

(B) Botany is not recognized as a special branch

of science.

(C) Research is unable to keep up with the

increasing number of plants.

(D) Direct contact with a variety, of plants has

decreased.

17. In line 15, what is the author's purpose in

mentioning "a rose, an apple, or an orchid"?

(A) To make the passage more poetic

(B) To cite examples of plants that are attractive

(C) To give botanical examples that most readers

will recognize

(D) To illustrate the diversity of botanical life

18. According to the passage, what was the first

great step toward the practice of agriculture?

(A) The invention of agricultural implements

and machinery

(B) The development of a system of names for

plants

(C) The discovery of grasses that could be

harvested and replanted

(D) The changing diets of early humans

19. The word "controlled" in line 19 is closest in

meaning to

(A) abundant

(B) managed

(C) required

(D) advanced

20. The relationship between botany and agriculture

is similar to the relationship between zoology

(the study of animals )

(A) deer hunting

(B) bird watching

(C) sheep raising

(D) horseback riding

21. Where in the passage does the author describe

the benefits people derive from plants?

(A) Line 1

(B) Lines 6-8

(C) Lines 10-11

(D) Lines 13-15

PASSAGE 3

If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants. The success of the Colorado beetle in infesting potatoes, for example, seems to be correlated with its high tolerance to alkaloids that normally repel potential pests. Other possible chemical defenses, while not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship.

22. Which of the following substances does the author mention as NOT necessarily being toxic to the Colorado beetle?

(A) Resins

(B) Tannins

(C) Glycosides

(D) Alkaloids

PASSAGE 4

Each pueblo represented an astonishing amount of well-organized labor. Using only stone and wood tools, and without benefit of wheels or draft animals, the builders quarried ton upon ton of sandstone from the canyon walls, cut it into small blocks, hauled the blocks to the construction site, and fitted them together with mud mortar. Roof beams of pine or fir had to be carried from logging areas in the mountain forests many kilometers away. Then, to connect the pueblos and to give access to the surrounding tableland, the architects laid out a system of public roads with stone staircases for ascending cliff faces. In time, the roads reached out to more than 80 satellite villages within a 60-kilometer radius.

23. The author mentions that Pueblo bonito had more than 800 rooms as an example of which of the following?

(A) How overcrowded the pueblos could be

(B) How many ceremonial areas it contained

(C) Hoe much sandstone was needed to build it

(D) How big a pueblo could be

24. It can be inferred from the passage that building a pueblo probably

(A) required many workers

(B) cost a lot of money

(C) involved the use of farm animals

(D) relied on sophisticated technology

25.It can be inferred from the passage that in addition to pueblos the Anasazis were skilled at building which of the following?

(A) Roads

(B) Barns

(C) Monuments

(D) Water systems

26. The pueblos are considered one of the Anasazis' supreme achievements for all of the following reasons EXCEPT that they were

(A) very large

(B) located in forests

(C) built with simple tools

(D) connected in a systematic way

Passage 5

With its radiant color and plantlike shape, the sea anemone looks more like a flower thanan animal. More specifically, the sea anemone is formed quite like the flower for which it isnamed, with a body like a stem and tentacles like petals in brilliant shades of blue, green, pink,and red. Its diameter varies from about six millimeters in some species to more than ninetycentimeters in the giant varieties of Australia. Like corals, hydras, and jellyfish, sea anemonesare coelenterates. They can move slowly, but more often they attach the lower part of theircylindrical bodies to rocks, shells, or wharf pilings. The upper end of the sea anemone has amouth surrounded by tentacles that the animal uses to capture its food. Stingingcells in thetentacles throw out tiny poison threads that paralyze other small sea animals. The tentaclesthen drag this prey into the sea anemone's mouth. The food is digested in the large inner bodycavity. When disturbed, a sea anemone retracts its tentacles and shortens its body so that itresembles a lump on a rock. Anemones may reproduce by forming eggs, dividing in half, ordeveloping buds that grow and break off as independent animals.

27.Based on the information in the passage, all of the following statements about sea anemones are true EXCEPT that they _____.

(A) are usually tiny

(B) have flexible bodies

(C) are related to jellyfish

(D) are usually brightly colored

PASSAGE 6

In the past oysters were raised in much the same way as dirt farmers raised potatos-by transplanting them. First, farmers selected the oyster bed, cleared the bottom of old shells and other debris, then scattered clean shells about. Next, they "planted" fertilized oyster eggs, which within two or three weeks hatched into larvae. The larvae drifted until they attached themselves to the clean shells on the bottom. There they remained and in time grew into baby oysters called seed or spat. The spat grew larger by drawing in seawater from which they derived microscopic particles of food. Before long, farmers gathered the baby oysters, transplanted them in other waters to speed up their growth, then transplanted them once more into another body of water to fatten them up.

Until recently the supply of wild oysters and those crudely farmed were more than enoughto satisfy people's needs. But today the delectable seafood is no longer available in abundance. The problem has become so serious that some oyster beds have vanished entirely.

Fortunately, as far back as the early 1900's marine biologists realized that if new measures were not taken, oysters would become extinct or at best a luxury food. So they set up well equipped hatcheries and went to work. But they did not have the proper equipmentor and the skill to handle the eggs. They did not know when, what, and how to feed the larvae. And they knew little about the predators that attack and eat baby oysters by the millions.

The marine biologists discovered that by raising the temperature of the water, they could induce oysters to spawn not only in the summer but also in the fall, winter, and spring. Later they developed a technique for feeding the larvae and rearing them to spat. Going still further, they succeeded in breeding new strains that were resistant to diseases, grew faster and larger, and flourished in water of different salinities and temperatures. In addition, the cultivated oysters tasted better!

28.Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

(A) Step by step description of the evolution of marine biology

(B) Discussion of chronological events concerning oyster production

(C) Random presentation of facts about oysters

(D) Description of oyster production at different geographic locations

29.According to the passage, which of the following words best describes the efforts of the marine biologists working with oysters?

(A) Persistent

(B) Intermittent

(C) Traditional

(D) Fruitless

PASSAGE 7

Scattered through the seas of the world are billions of tons of small plants and animal scalled plankton. Most of these plants and animals are too small for the human eye to see. They drift about lazily with the currents, providing a basic food for many larger animals.

Plankton has been described as the equivalent of the grasses that grow on the dry land continents, and the comparison is an appropriate one. In potential food value, however, plankton far outweighs that of the land grasses. One scientist has estimated that while grasses of the world produce about 49 billion tons of valuable carbohydrates each year, the sea's plankton generates more than twice as much.

Despite its enormous food potential, little effort was made until recently to farm plankton as we farm grasses on land. Now, marine scientists have at last begun to study this possibility, especially as the sea's resources loom even more important as a means of feeding and expanding world population.

No one yet has seriously suggested that "planktonburgers" may soon become popular around the world. As a possible farmed supplementary food source, however, plankton is gaining considerable interest among marine scientists.

One type of plankton that seems to have great harvest possibilities is a tiny shrimp-like creature called krill. Growing to two or three inches long, krill provide the major food for the giant blue whale, the largest animal ever to inhabit the Earth. Realizing that this whale may grow to 100 feet and weigh 150 tons at maturity, it is not surprising that each one devours more than one ton of krill daily.

Krill swim about just below the surface in huge schools sometimes miles wide, mainly in the cold Antarctic. Because of their pink color, they often appear as a solid reddish mass when viewed from a ship or from the air. Krill are very high in food value.

If the krill can feed such huge creatures as whales, many scientists reason, they must certainly be contenders as a new food source for humans.

30.Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the passage?

(A) The author presents the advantages and disadvantages of plankton as a food source.

(B) The author quotes public opinion to support the argument for farming plankton.

(C) The author classifies the different food sources according to amount of carbohydrate.

(D) The author makes a general statement about plankton as a food source and then moves to a specific example.

PASSAGE 8

By long-standing convention, all meteorites are assigned to three broad divisions on the basis of two kinds of material that they contain: metallic nickel-iron (metal) and silicates, which are compounds of other chemical elements with silicon and oxygen. As their name suggests, the iron meteorites consist almost entirely of metal. At the opposite extreme, the stony meteorites consist chiefly of silicates and contain little or no metal. A third category, stony-irons, includes those meteorites that contain similar amounts of metal and silicates. Since meteoritic metal weighs more than twice as much as the same volume of meteoritic silicates, these three kinds of meteorites can usually be distinguished by density, without more elaborate tests.

The stony meteorites can also be subdivided into two categories by using nothing more complicated than a magnifying glass. The great majority of such meteorites are chondrites, which take their name from tiny, rounded objects-chondrules-that occur in most of them and are among their most puzzling features. The rest of the stony meteorites lack chondritic texture and are therefore called achondrites. Achondrites vary widely in texture, composition, and history.

Irons, stony-irons, chondrites, and achondrites are by no means equally abundant among observed meteorites: chondrites are much more common than all other kinds of meteorite sput together. The irons, which are usually prominent in museum displays, are really quite uncommon. Curators like to highlight iron meteorites because many of them are large and their internal structure is spectacular in polished, etched slices. A stony meteorite has a beauty of its own, but it only appears under the microscope: to the unaided eye, stony meteorites appear to be--indeed they are--rather homely black or gray rocks.

To go further with meteorite classification, it is necessary to be more specific about the minerals that make up a meteorite: which silicates are present, and what kind of metal? To answer these questions, one needs to see more detail than is visible to the unaided human eye.

31. Which of the following diagrams most clearly shows the organization of the passage?

见阅读分册二Passage 133的Question 6.

PASSAGE 9

There are two ways to create colors in a photograph. One method, called additives, starts with three basic colors and adds them together to produce some other color. The second method, called subtractive, starts with white light (a mixture of all colors in the spectrum) and, by taking away some or all other colors, leaves the one desired.

In the additive method, separate colored lights combine to produce various other colors. The three additive primary colors are green, red, and blue (each providing about one-third of the wavelengths in the total spectrum). Mixed in varying proportions, they can produce all colors. Green and red light mix to produce yellow: red and blue light mix to produce magenta; green and blue mix to produce cyan.

In the subtractive process, colors are produced when dye (as in paint or color photographic materials) absorbs some wavelengths and so passes on only part of the spectrum. Thes ubtractive primaries are cyan (a bluish green), magenta (a purplish pink), and yellow; these are the pigments or dyes that absorb red, green, and blue wavelengths, respectively, thus subtracting them from white light, These dye colors are the complementary colors to the three additive primaries of red, green, and blue. Properly combined, the subtractive primaries can absorb all colors of light, producing black. But, mixed in varying proportions, they too can produce any color in the spectrum.

Whether a particular color is obtained by adding colored lights together or by subtracting some light from the total spectrum, the result looks the same to the eye. The additive process was employed for early color photography. But the subtractive method, while requiring complex chemical techniques, has turned out to be more practical and is the basis of all modern color films.

32.How is the passage organized?

(A) The reasons for a choice are explained in depth.

(B) A general statement is justified by a series of historical examples.

(C) Two basic causes are compared.

(D) Related processes are described one after the other.

Passage 10

Stars may be spheres, but not every celestial object is spherical. Objects in the

universe show a variety of shapes: round planets (some with rings), tailed comets,

wispy cosmic gas and dust clouds, ringed nebulae, pinwheel-shaped spiral galaxies,

Line and so on. But none of the shapes on this list describes the largest single entities in the

(5) universe. These are the double radio sources, galaxies with huge clouds of radio emission

that dwarf the visible galaxies, sometimes by a factor of a hundred or more. Stretching

over distances greater than a million light-years, these radio-emitting regions resemble

twin turbulent gas clouds, typically forming dumbbell-like shapes with the visible

galaxy (when it is visible) in the center.

(10) These double radio sources present astronomers with a puzzle. Their radio emission

arises from the synchrotron process, in which electrons accelerated to nearly the speed

of light move through magnetic fields. However, in view of the rate at which the radio

sources emit energy, they should disappear in a few million years as their electrons slow

down and case producing radiation. Somehow new electrons must be continually

(15) accelerated to nearly the speed of light: otherwise, by now almost none of the double

radio sources would be observed.

With the advent of high-resolution radio interferometers during the late 1970's, part

of the answer became clear: the electrons are produced in jets that are shot out in

opposite directions from the center of a galaxy. Remarkably narrow and highly directional,

(20) the jets move outward at speeds close to the speed of light. When the jets strike the

highly rarefied gas that permeates intergalactic space, the fast-moving electrons lose

their highly directional motion and form vast clouds of radio-emitting gas.

Cosmic jets have ranked among the hottest topics of astronomical research in recent

years as astronomers strive to understand where they come from. Why should a galaxy

(25) eject matter at such tremendous speeds in two narrow jets? And why are such jets not

seen in the Milky Way?

33. The word "celestial" in line 1 could best be

replaced by

(A) visible

(B) astronomical

(C) glowing

(D) scientific

34. The word "entities" in line 4 is closest in

meaning to

(A) factors (B) processes

(C) objects (D) puzzles

35. In the first paragraph, the author describes

objects in the universe in terms of their

(A) color (B) origin

(C) location (D) shape

36. Which of the following is the best

representation of the clouds of radio emission

described in the first paragraph?

(A) 见最新练习题第174页的question 12.

(B)

(C)

(D)

37. According to the passage, scientists do not

fully understand why double radio sources

(A) have not eventually disappeared

(B) cannot be observed with a telescope

(C) are beginning to slow down

(D) are not as big as some planets and stars

38. The word "their" in line 22 refers to

(A) speeds

(B) directions

(C) electrons

(D) clouds

39. According to the passage, what happens when

electrons and gas collide in space?

(A) The gas becomes more condensed.

(B) The gas becomes less radiated.

(C) The electrons disperse.

(D) The electrons become negatively charged.

40. The author suggests that astronomers consider

the study of cosmic jets to be

(A) an obsolete scientific field

(B) an unprofitable venture

(C) an intriguing challenge

(D) a subjective debate

41. In what lines does the passage compare the

size of double radio sources with that of other

galaxies?

(A) Lines 4-6 (B) Lines 12-14

(C) Lines 19-20 (D) Lines 23-24

42. Where in the passage does the author mention

a technology that aided in the understanding of

double radio sources?

(A) Lines 2 (B) Line 7

(C) Line 17 (D) Line 21

43. The paragraph following the passage most

likely discusses

(A) specific double radio sources

(B) an explanation of the synchrotron process

(C) possible reasons for the presence of cosmic

jets

(D) the discovery of the first double radio

sources

Passage 11

Barbed wire, first patented in the United States in 1867, played an important part in

the development of American farming, as it enabled the settlers to make effective

fencing to enclose their land and keep cattle away from their crops. This had a

Line considerable effect on cattle ranching, since the herds no longer had unrestricted use of

(5) the plains for grazing, and the fencing led to conflict between the farmers and the cattle

ranchers.

Before barbed wire came into general use, fencing was often made from serrated

wire, which was unsatisfactory because it broke easily when under strain, and could

snap in cold weather due to contraction. The first practical machine for producing

(10) barbed wire was invented in 1874 by an Illinois farmer, and between then and the end

of the century about 400 types of barbed wire were devised, of which only about a

dozen were ever put to practical use.

Modern barbed wire is made from mild steel, high-tensile steel, or aluminum. Mild

steel and aluminum barbed wire have two strands twisted together to form a cable

(15) which is stronger than single-strand wire and less affected by temperature changes.

Single-strand wire, round or oval, is made from high-tensile steel with the barbs

crimped or welded on. The steel wires used are galvanized-coated with zinc to make

them rustproof. The two wires that make up the line wire or cable are fed separately

into a machine at one end. They leave it at the other end twisted together and barbed.

(20) The wire to make the barbs is fed into the machine from the sides and cut to length by

knives that cut diagonally through the wire to produce a sharp point. This process

continues automatically, and the finished barbed wire is wound onto reels, usually

made of wire, in lengths of 400 meters or in weights of up to 50 kilograms.

A variation of barbed wire is also used for military purposes. It is formed into long

(25) coils or entanglements called concertina wire.

44. What is the main topic of the passage?

(A) Cattle ranching in the United States

(B) A type of fencing

(C) Industrial uses of wire

(D) A controversy over land use

45. The word "unrestricted" in line 4 is closest in

meaning to

(A) unsatisfactory

(B) difficult

(C) considerable

(D) unlimited

46. The word "snap" in line 9 could best be replaced

by which of the following?

(A) freeze

(B) click

(C) loosen

(D) break

47. What is the benefit of using two-stranded barbed

wire?

(A) Improved rust-resistance

(B) Increased strength

(C) More rapid attachment of barbs

(D) Easier installation

48. According to the author, the steel wires used to

make barbed wire are specially processed to

(A) protect them against rust

(B) make them more flexible

(C) prevent contraction in cold weather

(D) straighten them

49. The word "fed" in line 20 is closest in meaning

to

(A) put

(B) eaten

(C) bitten

(D) nourished

50. The knives referred to in line 21 are used to

(A) separate double-stranded wire

(B) prevent the reel from advancing too rapidly

(C) twist the wire

(D) cut the wire that becomes barbs

51. What is the author's purpose in the third

paragraph?

(A) To explain the importance of the wire

(B) To outline the difficulty of making the wire

(C) To describe how the wire is made

(D) To suggest several different uses of the wire

52. According to the passage, concertina wire is used

for

(A) livestock management

(B) international communications

(C) prison enclosures

(D) military purposes

53. Which of the following most closely resembles

the fencing described in the passage?

(A) 见最新练习题一的第200页的question 20.

(B)

(C)

(D)

Passage 12

Legend has it that sometime toward the end of the Civil War (1861-1865) a

government train carrying oxen traveling through the northern plains of eastern

Wyoming was caught in a snowstorm and had to be abandoned. The driver returned the

Line next spring to see what had become of his cargo. Instead of the skeletons he had

(5) expected to find, he saw his oxen, living, fat, and healthy. How had they survived?

The answer lay in a resource that unknowing Americans had trampled underfoot in

their haste to cross the "Great American Desert" to reach lands that sometimes proved

barren. In the eastern parts of the United States, the preferred grass for forage was a

cultivated plant. It grew well with enough rain, then when cut and stored it would cure

(10) and become nourishing hay for winter feed. But in the dry grazing lands of the West,

that familiar blue joint grass was often killed by drought. To raise cattle out there

seemed risky or even hopeless.

Who could imagine a fairy-tale grass that required no rain and somehow made it

possible for cattle to feed themselves all winter? But the surprising western wild

(15) grasses did just that. They had wonderfully convenient features that made them

superior to the cultivated eastern grasses. Variously known as buffalo grass, grama

grass, or mesquite grass, not only were they immune to drought; but they were actually

preserved by the lack of summer and autumn rains. They were not juicy like the

cultivated eastern grasses, but had short, hard stems. And they did not need to be cured

(20) in a barn, but dried right where they grew on the ground. When they dried in this way,

they remained naturally sweet and nourishing through the winter. Cattle left outdoors

to fend for themselves thrived on this hay. And the cattle themselves helped plant the

fresh grass year after year, for they trampled the natural seeds firmly into the soil to be

watered by the melting snows of winter and the occasional rains of spring. The dry

(25) summer air cured them, much as storing in a barn cured the cultivated grasses.

54. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Western migration after the Civil War

(B) The climate of the western United States

(C) The raising of cattle

(D) A type of wild vegetation

55. What can be inferred by the phrase "Legend has

it" in line 1?

(A) The story of the train may not be completely

factual.

(B) Most history books include the story of the

train.

(C) The driver of the train invented the story.

(D) The story of the train is similar to other ones

from that time period.

56. The word "they" in line 5 refers to

(A) plains

(B) skeletons

(C) oxen

(D) Americans

57. What can be inferred about the "Great American

Desert" mentioned in line 7?

(A) It was not originally assumed to be a fertile

area.

(B) Many had settled there by the 1860's.

(C) It was a popular place to raise cattle before the

Civil War.

(D) It was not discovered until the late 1800's.

58. The word "barren" in line 8 is closest in meaning

to

(A) lonely

(B) dangerous

(C) uncomfortable

(D) infertile

59. The word "preferred" in line 8 is closest in

meaning to

(A) ordinary

(B) available

(C) required

(D) favored

60. Which of the following can be inferred about the

cultivated grass mentioned in the second

paragraph?

(A) Cattle raised in the western United States

refused to eat it.

(B) It would probably not grow in the western

United States.

(C) It had to be imported into the United States.

(D) It was difficult for cattle to digest.

61. Which of the following was NOT one of the

names given to the Western grasses?

(A) Grama grass

(B) Bluejoint grass

(C) Buffalo grass

(D) Mesquite grass

62. Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a

characteristic of western grasses?

(A) They have tough stems

(B) They are not affected by dry weather

(C) They can be grown indoors.

(D) They contain little moisture.

63. The word "hard" in line 19 is closest in meaning

to

(A) firm

(B) severe

(C) difficult

(D) bitter

64. According to the passage, the cattle helped

promote the growth of the wild grasses by

(A) stepping on and pressing the seeds into the

ground

(B) naturally fertilizing the soil

(C) continually moving from one grazing area to

another

(D) eating only small quantities of grass

Passage 13

Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is

the country's impressive population growth. For every three Canadians in 1945. there

were over five in 1966. In September 1966 Canada's population passed the 20 million

mark. Most of this surging growth came from natural increase. The depression of the

(5) 1930's and the war had held back marriages, and the catching-up process began after

1945. The baby boom continued through the decade of the 1950's, producing a

population increase of nearly fifteen percent in the five years from 1951 to 1956. This

rate of increase had been exceeded only once before in Canada's history, in the decade

before 1911. when the prairies were being settled. Undoubtedly, the good economic

(10) conditions of the 1950's supported a growth in the population, but the expansion also

derived from a trend toward earlier marriages and an increase in the average size of

families. In 1957 the Canadian birth rate stood at 28 per thousand, one of the highest in

the world.

After the peak year of 1957, the birth rate in Canada began to decline. It continued

(15) falling until in 1966 it stood at the lowest level in 25 years. Partly this decline reflected

the low level of births during the depression and the war, but it was also caused by

changes in Canadian society. Young people were staying at school longer, more

women were working; young married couples were buying automobiles or houses

before starting families; rising living standards were cutting down the size of families.

(20) It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller

families that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial

Revolution.

Although the growth in Canada's population had slowed down by 1966 (the

increase the first half of the 1960's was only nine percent), another large population

(25) wave was coming over the horizon. It would be composed of the children of the

children who were born during the period of the high birth rate prior to 1957.

65. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Educational changes in Canadian society

(B) Canada during the Second World War

(C) Population trends in postwar Canada

(D) Standards of living in Canada

66. According to the passage, when did Canada's

baby boom begin?

(A) In the decade after 1911

(B) After 1945

(C) During the depression of the 1930's

(D) In 1966

67. The word "five" in line 3 refers to

(A) Canadians

(B) years

(C) decades

(D) marriages

68.The word "surging" in line 4 is closest in meaning

to

(A) new

(B) extra

(C) accelerating

(D) surprising

69. The author suggests that in Canada during the

1950's

(A) the urban population decreased rapidly

decreased rapidly

(B) fewer people married

(C) economic conditions were poor

(D) the birth rate was very high

70. The word "trend " in line 11 is closest in meaning

to

(A) tendency

(B) aim

(C) growth

(D) directive

71. The word "peak" in line 14 is closest in meaning

to

(A) pointed

(B) dismal

(C) mountain

(D) maximum

72. When was the birth rate in Canada at its lowest

postwar level?

(A) 1966

(B) 1957

(C) 1956

(D) 1951

73. The author mentions all of the following as causes

of declines in population growth after 1957

EXCEPT

(A) people being better educated

(B) people getting married earlier

(C) better standards of living

(D) couples buying houses

74. It can be inferred from the passage that before the

Industrial Revolution

(A) families were larger

(B) population statistics were unreliable

(C) the population grew steadily

(D) economic conditions were bad

75. The word "It" in line 25 refers to

(A) horizon

(B) population wave

(C) nine percent

(D) first half

76. The phrase "prior to " in line 26 is closest in

meaning to

(A) behind

(B) since

(C) during

(D) preceding

Passage 14

Seventeenth-century houses in colonial North America were simple structures that

were primarily functional, carrying over traditional designs that went back to the

Middle Ages. During the first half of the eighteenth century, however, houses began to

Line show a new elegance. As wealth increased, more and more colonists built fine houses.

(5) Since architecture was not yet a specialized profession in the colonies, the design of

buildings was left either to amateur designers or to carpenters who undertook to

interpret architectural manuals imported from England. Inventories of colonial libraries

show an astonishing number of these handbooks for builders, and the houses erected

during the eighteenth century show their influence. Nevertheless, most domestic

(10) architecture of the first three-quarters of the eighteenth century displays a wide

divergence of taste and freedom of application of the rules laid down in these books.

Increasing wealth and growing sophistication throughout the colonies resulted in

houses of improved design. whether the material was wood, stone, or brick. New

England still favored wood, though brick houses became common in Boston and other

(15) towns, where the danger of fire gave an impetus to the use of more durable material. A

few houses in New England were built of stone, but only in Pennsylvania and adjacent

areas was stone widely used in dwellings. An increased use of brick in houses and

outbuildings is noticeable in Virginia and Maryland, but wood remained the most

popular material even in houses built by wealthy landowners. In the Carolinas, even in

(20) closely packed Charleston. Wooden houses were much more common than brick

houses.

Eighteenth-century houses showed great interior improvements over their

predecessors. Windows were made larger and shutters removed. Large, clear panes

replaced the small leaded glass of the seventeenth century. Doorways were larger and

(25) more decorative. Fireplaces became decorative features of rooms. Walls were made of

plaster or wood, sometimes elaborately paneled. White paint began to take the place of

blues, yellows, greens. and lead colors, which had been popular for walls in the earlier

years. After about 1730, advertisements for wallpaper styles in scenic patterns began to

appear in colonial newspapers.

77. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The improved design of eighteenth-century

colonial houses

(B) A comparison of eighteenth-century houses

and modern houses

(C) The decorations used in eighteenth-century

houses

(D) The role of carpenters in building eighteenth-

century houses

78. What was one of the main reasons for the change

in architectural style in eighteenth-century North

America?

(A) More architects arrived in the colonies.

(B) The colonists developed an interest in

classical architecture.

(C) Bricks were more readily available.

(D) The colonists had more money to spend on

housing.

79. According to the passage, who was responsible

for designing houses in eighteenth-century North

America?

(A) Professional architects

(B) Customers

(C) Interior decorators

(D) Carpenters

80. The passage implies that the rules outlined in

architectural manuals were

(A) generally ignored

(B) legally binding

(C) not strictly adhered to

(D) only followed by older builders

81. The word "divergence" in line 11 is closest in

meaning to

(A) description

(B) development

(C) difference

(D) display

82. The word "durable" in line 15 is closest in

meaning to

(A) attractive

(B) expensive

(C) refined

(D) long-lasting

83. Where was stone commonly used to build

houses?

(A) Virginia

(B) Pennsylvania

(C) Boston

(D) Charleston

84. The word "dwelling" in line 17 is closest in

meaning to

(A) houses

(B) towns

(C) outbuildings

(D) rural areas

85. The word "predecessors" in line 23 refers to

(A) colonists who arrived in North America in the

seventeenth century

(B) houses constructed before the eighteenth

century

(C) interior improvements

(D) wooden houses in Charleston

86. The author mentions elaborately paneled walls in

line 26 as an example of

(A) how the interior design of colonial houses was

improved

(B) why walls were made of wood or plaster

(C) how walls were made stronger in the

eighteenth century

(D) what kind of wood was used for walls after

1730

87. The word "elaborately" in line 26 is closest in

meaning to

(A) done in great detail

(B) put together carefully

(C) using many colors

(D) reinforced structurally

88. What does the author imply about the use of

wallpaper before 1730?

(A) Wallpaper samples appeared in the

architectural manuals.

(B) Wallpaper was the same color as the wall

paints used.

(C) Patterned wallpaper was not widely used.

(D) Wallpaper was not used in stone houses.

89. Where in the passage does the author give a

reason why brick was the preferred material for

houses in some urban areas?

(A) Lines 9-11

(B) Lines 13-15

(C) Lines 17-19

(D) Lines 23-24

Passage 15

A folk culture is small, isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient

group that is homogeneous in custom and race, with a strong family or clan structure

and highly developed rituals. Order is maintained through sanctions based in the

Line religion or family, and interpersonal relationships are strong. Tradition is paramount,

(5) and change comes infrequently and slowly. There is relatively little division of labor

into specialized duties. Rather, each person is expected to perform a great variety of

tasks, though duties may differ between the sexes. Most goods are handmade, and a

subsistence economy prevails. Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures, as

are social classes. Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries

(10) such as the United States and Canada. Perhaps the nearest modern equivalent in Anglo-

America is the Amish, a German American farming sect that largely renounces the

products and labor saving devices of the industrial age. In Amish areas, horse-drawn

buggies still serve as a local transportation device, and the faithful are not permitted to

own automobiles. The Amish's central religious concept of Demut, "humility", clearly

(15) reflects the weakness of individualism and social class so typical of folk cultures, and

there is a corresponding strength of Amish group identity. Rarely do the Amish marry

outside their sect. The religion, a variety of the Mennonite faith, provides the principal

mechanism for maintaining order.

By contrast, a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group, often highly

(20) individualistic and constantly changing. Relationships tend to be impersonal, and a

pronounced division of labor exists, leading to the establishment of many specialized

professions. Secular institutions, of control such as the police and army take the place of

religion and family in maintaining order, and a money-based economy prevails.

Because of these contrasts, "popular" may be viewed as clearly different from "folk".

(25) The popular is replacing the folk in industrialized countries and in many developing

nations, Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the

popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to use, or

lends more prestige to the owner.

90. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Two decades in modern society

(B) The influence of industrial technology

(C) The characteristics of "folk" and "popular"

societies

(D) The specialization of labor in Canada and the

United States

91. The word "homogeneous" in line 2 is closest in

meaning to

(A) uniform

(B) general

(C) primitive

(D) traditional

92. Which of the following is typical of folk

cultures?

(A) There is a money-based economy.

(B) Social change occurs slowly.

(C) Contact with other cultures is encouraged.

(D) Each person develops one specialized skill.

93. What does the author imply about the United

States and Canada?

(A) They value folk cultures.

(B) They have no social classes.

(C) They have popular cultures.

(D) They do not value individualism.

94. The phrase "largely renounces" in line 11 is

closest in meaning to

(A) generally rejects

(B) greatly modifies

(C) loudly declares

(D) often criticizes

95. What is the main source of order in Amish

society?

(A) The government

(B) The economy

(C) The clan structure

(D) The religion

96. Which of the following statements about Amish

beliefs does the passages support?

(A) A variety of religious practices is tolerated.

(B) Individualism and competition are important.

(C) Premodern technology is preferred.

(D) People are defined according to their class.

97. Which of the following would probably NOT be

found in a folk culture?

(A) A carpenter

(B) A farmer

(C) A weaver

(D) A banker

98. The word "prevails" in line 23 is closest in

meaning to

(A) dominates

(B) provides

(C) develops

(D) invests

99. The word "their" in line 26 refers to

(A) folk

(B) nations

(C) countries

(D) objects

100. Which of the following is NOT given as a reason

why folk-made objects are replaced by mass-

produced objects?

(A) Cost

(B) Prestige

(C) Quality

(D) Convenience

Passage 16

Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in

nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the Civil War,

with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation,

Line manufacturing, and trade and distribution. The development of the railroad and telegraph

(5) systems during the middle third of the nineteenth century led to significant improvements

in the speed, volume, and regularity of shipments and communications, making possible

a fundamental transformation in the production and distribution of goods.

In agriculture, the transformation was marked by the emergence of the grain elevators,

the cotton presses, the warehouses, and the commodity exchanges that seemed to so many

(10) of the nation's farmers the visible sign of a vast conspiracy against them. In

manufacturing, the transformation was marked by the emergence of a "new factory

system" in which plants became larger, more complex, and more systematically organized

and managed. And in distribution, the transformation was marked by the emergence of

the jobber, the wholesaler, and the mass retailer. These changes radically altered the

(15) nature of work during the half century between 1870 and 1920.

To be sure, there were still small workshops, where skilled craftspeople manufactured

products ranging from newspapers to cabinets to plumbing fixtures. There were the

sweatshops in city tenements, where groups of men and women in household settings

manufactured clothing or cigars on a piecework basis. And there were factories in

(20) occupations such as metalwork where individual contractors presided over what were

essentially handicraft proprietorships that coexisted within a single building. But as the

number of wage earners in manufacturing rose from 2.7 million in 1880 to 4.5 million

in 1900 to 8.4 million in 1920, the number of huge plants like the Baldwin Locomotive

Works in Philadelphia burgeoned, as did the size of the average plant. (the Baldwin

(25) Works had 600 employees in 1855, 3,000 in 1875, and 8,000 in 1900). By 1920, at

least in the northeastern United States where most of the nation's manufacturing wage

earners were concentrated, three-quarters of those worked in factories with more than

100 employees and 30 percent worked in factories with more than 1,000 employees.

101. The word "domains" in line 3 is closest in

meaning to

(A) fields

(B) locations

(C) organizations

(D) occupations

102. What can be inferred from the passage about

the agricultural sector of the economy after the

Civil War?

(A) New technological developments had little

effect on farmers.

(B) The percentage of the total population

working in agriculture declined.

(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were

rebuilt after the war.

(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because

of better rural transportation

103. The word "fundamental" in line 7 is closest in

meaning to

(A) possible

(B) basic

(C) gradual

(D) unique

104. Which of the following was NOT mentioned as

part of the "New factory system?"

(A) A change in the organization of factories

(B) A growth in the complexity of factories

(C) An increase in the size of factories

(D) An increase in the cost of manufacturing

industrial products

105. Which of the following statements about

manufacturing before 1870 can be inferred

from the passage?

(A) Most manufacturing activity was highly

organized.

(B) Most manufacturing occurred in relatively

small plants.

(C) The most commonly manufactured goods

were cotton presses.

(D) Manufacturing and agriculture each made

up about half of the nation's economy.

106. The word "skilled" in line 16 is closest in

meaning to

(A) hardworking

(B) expert

(C) well-paid

(D) industrial

107. The words "presided over" in line 20 are closest

in meaning to

(A) managed

(B) led to

(C) worked in

(D) produced

108. The author mentions the Baldwin Locomotive

Works in lines 23-24 because it was

(A) a well-known metalworks plant

(B) the first plant of its kind in Philadelphia

(C) typical of the large factories that were

becoming more common

(D) typical of factories that consisted of a single

building

KEYS:

Passage 1: BCDAA CCCAC C

Passage 2: ACBCD CCBCB

Passage 3: D

Passage 4: DAAB

Passage 5: A

Passage 6: BA

Passage 7: D

Passage 8: D

Passage 9: C

Passage 10: BCDAA CCCAC C

Passage 11: BDDBA ADCDA

Passage 12: DACAD DBBCA A

Passage 13: CBACD ADABA BD

Passage14: ADDCC DBABA ACB

Passage15: CABCA DCDAD C

Passage16: ABBDB BAC